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The advocates of AIT argue that the inhabitants of Indus
valley were Siva worshippers and since Siva cult is more
prevalent among the South Indian Dravidians, therefore
the habitants of Indus valley were Dravidians. But Shiva
worship is not alien to Vedic culture, and not confined
to South India only. The words Siva and Shambhu are not
derived from the Tamil words civa (to redden, to become
angry) and cembu (copper, the red metal), but from the
Sanskrit roots si (therefore meaning "auspicious,
gracious, benevolent, helpful kind") and sam (therefore
meaning "being or existing for happiness or welfare,
granting or causing happiness, benevolent, helpful,
kind"), and the words are used in this sense only, right
from their very first occurrence. (Sanskrit- English
Dictionary by Sir M. Monier-Williams).

Moreover, most important symbols of Shaivites are located
in North India: Kashi is the most revered and auspicious
seat of Shaivism which is in the north, the traditional
holy abode of Shiva is Kailash mountain which is in the
far-north, there are passages in Rigvada which mention
Siva and Rudra and consider him an important deity. Indra
himself is called Shiva several times in Rig Veda
(2:20:3, 6:45:17, 8:93:3). So Siva is not a Dravidian god
only, and by no means a non-Vedic god. The proponents of
AIT also present terra-cotta lumps found in the fire-
alters at the Harappan and other sites as an evidence of
Shiva linga, implying the Shiva cult was prevalent among
the Indus valley people. But these terra-cotta lumps have
been proved to be the measures for weighing the
commodities by the shopkeepers and merchants. Their
weights have been found in perfect integral ratios, in
the manner like 1 gm, 2 gms, 5 gms, 10 gms etc. They were
not used as the Shiva lingas for worship, but as the
weight measurements.

6. Discovery of the Submerged city of Krishna's Dwaraka

The discovery of this city is very significant and a kind
of clinching evidence in discarding the Aryan invasion as
well as its proposed date of 1500BC. Its discovery not
only establishes the authenticity of Mahabharat war and
the main events described in the epic, but clinches the
traditional antiquity of Mahabharat and Ramayana periods.
So far the AIT advocates used to either dismiss the
Mahabharat epic as a fictional work of a highly talented
poet or would place it around 1000 BC. But the remains of
this submerged city along the coast of Gujarat were dated
3000BC to 1500BC. In Mahabharat's Musal Parva, the Dwarka
is mentioned as being gradually swallowed by the ocean.
Krishna had forewarned the residents of Dwaraka to vacate
the city before the sea submerged it. The Sabha Parva
gives a detailed account of Krishna's flight from Mathura
with his followers to Dwaraka to escape continuous
attacks of Jarasandh's on Mathura and save the lives of
its subjects. For this reason, Krishna is also known as
RANCHHOR (one who runs away from the battle-field). Dr.
SR Rao and his team in 1984-88 (Marine Archaeology Unit)
undertook an extensive search of this city along the
coast of Gujarat where the Dwarikadeesh temple stands
now, and finally they succeeded in unearthing the ruins
of this submerged city off the Gujarat coast.

7. Saraswati River Discovered

It is well known that in the Rig Veda, the honor of the
greatest and the holiest of rivers was not bestowed upon
the Ganga, but upon Saraswati, now a dry river, but once
a mighty flowing river all the way from the Himalayas to
the ocean across the Rajasthan desert. The Ganga is
mentioned only once while the Saraswati is mentioned at
least 60 times. Extensive research by the late Dr.
Wakankar has shown that the Saraswati changed her course
several times, going completely dry around 1900 BC. The
latest satellite data combined with field archaeological
studies have shown that the Rig Vedic Saraswati had
stopped being a perennial river long before 3000 BC.

As Paul-Henri Francfort of CNRS, Paris recently observed,
"...we now know, thanks to the field work of the Indo-
French expedition that when the proto-historic people
settled in this area, no large river had flowed there for
a long time."

The proto-historic people he refers to are the early
Harappans of 3000 BC. But satellite 'photos show that a
great prehistoric river that was over 7 kilometers wide
did indeed flow through the area at one time. This was
the Saraswati described in the Rig Veda. Numerous
archaeological sites have also been located along the
course of this great prehistoric river thereby confirming
Vedic accounts. The great Saraswati that flowed "from the
mountain to the sea" is now seen to belong to a date long
an terior to 3000 BC. This means that the Rig Veda
describes the geography of North India long before 3000
BC. All this shows that the Rig Veda must have been in
existence no later than 3500 BC. (Aryan Invasion of
India: The Myth and the Truth By N.S. Rajaram)

River Saraswati IN RIGVEDA

The river called Saraswati is the most important of the
rivers mentioned in the Rig Veda. The image of this
'great goddess stream' dominates the text. It is not only
the most sacred river but the Goddess of wisdom. She is
said to be the Mother of the Veda.

A few Rig Vedic hymns which mention Saraswati river are
presented below:

ambitame naditame devitame sarasvati (II.41.16)

(The best mother, the best river, the best Goddess,
Saraswati)

maho arnah saraswati pra cetayati ketuna dhiyo visva
virajati (I.3.12)

(Saraswati like a great ocean appears with her ray, she
rules all inspirations)

ni tva dadhe vara a prthivya ilayspade sudinatve ahnam:

drsadvatyam manuse apayayam sarasvatyam revad agne didhi
(III.23.4)

(We set you down, oh sacred fire, at the most holy place
on Earth, in the land of Ila, in the clear brightness of
the days. On the Drishadvati, the Apaya and the Saraswati
rivers, shine out brilliantly for men)

citra id raja rajaka id anyake sarasvatim anu;

parjanya iva tatanadhi vrstya sahasram ayuta dadat
(VIII.21.18)

(Splendor is the king, all others are princes, who dwell
along the Saraswati river. Like the Rain God extending
with rain he grants a thousand times ten thousand cattle)

Saraswati like a bronze city: ayasi puh;

surpassing all other rivers and waters: visva apo mahina
sindhur anyah;

pure in her course from the mountains to the sea: sucir
yati girbhya a samudrat (VII.95.1-2)

All this indicates that the composers of the Vedic
literature were quite familiar with the Saraswati river,
and were inspired by its beauty and its vasteness that
they composed several hymns in her praise and
glorification. This also indicates that the Vedas are
much older than Mahabharat period which mentions
Saraswati as a dying river.

8. Decipherment of Indus Script

Dr. SR Rao, who has deciphered the Indus script, is an
ex-head of Archaeological Survey of India, a renowned
Marine archaeologist, has been studying archeology since
1948 and has discovered and excavated numerous Indus
sites. He has authored several monumental works on
Harappan civilization and Indus script. To summarize his
method of decipherment of Indus script, he assigned to
each Indus basic letter the same sound-value as the West
Asian letter which closely resembled it. After assigning
these values to the Indus letters, he proceeded to try to
read the inscriptions on the Indus seals. The language
that emerged turned out to be an "Aryan" one belonging to
Sanskrit family. The people who resided at Harappa,
Mohenjo-Daro, and other sites were culturally Aryan is
thus confirmed by the decipherment of the Harappan script
and its identity with Sanskrit family. The Harappa
culture was a part of a continuing evolution of the Vedic
culture which had developed on the banks of Saraswati
river. And it should be rightly termed as Vedic-Saraswati
civilization.

Among the many words yielded by Dr. Rao's decipherment
are the numerals aeka, tra, chatus, panta, happta/sapta,
dasa, dvadasa and sata (1,3,4,5,7, 10,100) and the names
of Vedic personalities like Atri, Kasyapa, Gara, Manu,
Sara, Trita, Daksa, Druhu, Kasu, and many common Sanskrit
words like, apa (water), gatha, tar (savior), trika, da,
dyau (heaven), dashada, anna (food), pa(protector), para
(supreme), maha, mahat, moks, etc.

While the direct connection between the late Indus script
(1600 BC) and the Brahmi script could not be definitely
established earlier, more and more inscriptions have been
found all over the country in the last few years, dating
1000 BC, 700 BC, and so on, which have bridged the gap
between the two. Now it is evident that the Brahmi script
evolved directly from the Indus script. (Sources:
Decipherment of the Indus Script, Dawn and Development of
Indus Civilization, Lothal and the Indus Civilization,
all by S. R. Rao)

9 New Archaeological findings

Since the first discovery of buried townships of Harappa
and Mohenjo-Daro on the Ravi and Sindhu rivers in 1922,
respectively, numerous other settlements, now number over
2500 stretching from Baluchistan to the Ganga and beyond
and down to Tapti valley, covering nearly a million and
half square kilometers, have been unearthed by various
archaeologists. And, the fact which was not known 70
years ago, but archaeologists now know, is that about 75%
of these settlements are concentrated not along the
Sindhu or even the Ganga, but along the now dried up
Saraswati river. This calamity - the drying up of the
Saraswati - and not any invasion was what led to the
disruption and abandonment of the settlements along
Saraswati river by the people who lived a Vedic life. The
drying up of the Saraswati river was a catastrophe of the
vast magnitude, which led to a massive outflow of people,
especially the elite, went into Iran, Mesopotamia and
other neighboring regions. Around the same time (2000-
1900 BC), there were constant floods or/and prolonged
draughts along the Sindhu river and its tributaries which
forced the inhabitants of the Indus valley to move to
other safer and greener locations, and hence a slow but
continuous migration of these highly civilized and
prosperous Vedic people took place. Some of them moved to
south east, and some to north west, and even towards
European regions. For the next thousand years and more,
dynasties and rulers with Indian names appear and
disappear all over the West Asia confirming the migration
of people from East towards West. There was no
destruction of an existing civilization or invasion by
any racial nomads of any kind to cause the destruction or
abandonment of these settlements.

10. Chronology of the pre-historic period of India

According to the invasionists, the Indian civilization or
the Indus Valley civilization is only 4000-5000 years
old. They place the end of this civilization around
1900BC, and invasion of Aryans around 1500BC. There is
also no plausible explanation from these invasion
advocates for a gap of 400 years between the end of the
Indus Valley civilization (IVC) and the appearance of
Aryans on the Indian scene if Aryans were responsible for
the destruction of the IVC. They propose the period of
1400-1300 BC as the beginning of the Vedic age when the
Vedas were composed and Aryans began to impose their
culture and religion on the indigenous population of the
northern India. The Ramayana and Mahabharat, if
considered as real events, must be according to them
arbitr- arily be dated in the period 1200-1000BC. And
only after 1000BC, the historic accounts of empire
building, Buddha's birth etc. have to be dated. This
chronology first proposed by Max Muller was primarily
based on his firm belief in the Biblical date of the
creation of the world, i.e. October 23, 4004 BC. Such
chronology contradicts all the archaeological evidences,
scriptural testimonies, traditional beliefs, and most
importantly defies the commonsense and scientific method.
Therefore, based on Vedic testimonies, Puranic
references, archaeological evidences, and all the
accounts presented here above, the most realistic and
accurate chronological events of the pre-historic period
of India should be fixed as follows:

o Vedic Age - 7000-4000 BC

o End of Rig Vedic Age - 3750 BC

o End of Ramayana - Mahabharat Period - 3000 BC

o Development of Saraswati-Indus Civilization - 3000-
2000 BC

o Decline of Indus and Saraswati Civilization - 2200-
1900 BC

o Period of Complete chaos and migration - 2000-1500 BC

o Period of evolution of syncretic Hindu culture - 1400
- 250 BC

David Frawley's Paradox

The Harappans of the Indus Valley have left profuse
archaeological records over a vast region - from the
borders of Iran and beyond Afghanistan to eastern UP and
Tapti valley, and must have supported over 30 million
people and believed to be living an advanced
civilization. And yet these people have left absolutely
no literary records. Sounds incredible! The Vedic Aryans
and their successors on the other hand have left us a
literature that is probably the largest and most profound
in the world. But according to the AIT there is
absolutely no archaeological record that they ever
existed. Either on the Indian soil or outside its
boundaries. So we have concrete history and archeology of
a vast civilization of 'Dravidians' lasting thousands of
years that left no literature, and a huge literature by
the Vedic Aryans who left no history and no
archaeological records. The situation gets more absurd
when we consider that there is profuse archaeological and
literary records indicating a substantial movement of
Indian Aryans out of India into Iran and West Asia around
2000 BC.

So, how can all these obvious anomalies and serious flaws
be reconciled? By accepting the truth that the so-called
Aryans were the original people habitants of the
townships along the Indus, Ravi, Saraswati and other
rivers of the vast northern region of the Indian
subcontinent. And no invasion by nomadic hordes from
outside India ever occurred and the civilization was not
destroyed but the population simply moved to other areas,
and developed a new syncretic civilization and culture by
mutual interaction and exchange of ideas.

The Vedic seers in Vedic literature have proclaimed and
practiced the following all-embracing, catholic, and
harmonious principles for a peaceful coexistence of
various communities. How can such people be accused of
annihilater of a civilization, murderer of innocent
people, and destroying large number of cities?

ahm bhumimdadamaryam (Rgveda)

Creater declares: I have bestowed this land to Aryas.

Kirnvanto Vishwaryam (Rgveda)

Make the entire world noble.

Aa na bhadra katavo yanto vishwatah (Rgveda)

Let noble thoughts come from all sides.

Mata Bhumih putro ham prithvyah (Atharv veda)

Earth is my mother, and I am her son.

Vasudeva kutumbubakam

The entire universe is one family.

Consequences of the Aryan Invasion Theory in Context of
India

o It serves to divide artificially India into a northern
Aryan and southern Dravidian culture which were made
hostile to each other by various interested parties: A
major source of social tension in south Indian states.

o It gave an easy excuse to the Britishers to justify
their conquest over India as well as validating the
various conquests and mayhems of invading armies of
religious fanatics from Arab lands and central Asia. The
argument goes that they were doing only what Aryan
ancestors of the Hindus had previously done millennia ago
to the indigenous population.

o As a corollary, the theory makes Vedic culture later
than and possibly derived from Middle Eastern cultures,
especially the Greek culture: An absurd proposition.


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