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From: FBInCIAnNSATerroristSlayer@yahoo.com

And YET not many people even know his name, because he is NOT White.

It won't be surprising if Peter Higgs had actually a MINOR contribution
and Bose had a MAJOR contribution in the discovery of Higgs-Boson
particle BUT as usual the white man Peter Higgs TOOK and GOT CREDIT for
its discovery.

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https://www.wondersofphysics.com/2018/12/satyendra-nath-bose-biography.html

Biography of Satyendra Nath Bose

Half The Particles In The Universe Obey Him

Wonders of Physics Jan 01, 2019

This is how a professor of physics once introduced Satyendra Nath Bose
to his students. Bose was a self-taught scholar and polymath who laid
the foundation for Bose-Einstein statistics and the theory of the
Bose-Einstein condensate.

Several Nobel Prizes were awarded for research related to the field
initiated by him but Bose himself was not awarded the coveted Prize.
Yet, half the particles in the universe obey him and that itself is a remarkable achievement.

Early Life

Biography of Satyendra Nath Bose
Satyendra was born on January 1, 1894 to a middle-class Bengali family
in Calcutta. He was the eldest of seven children with six sisters after
him. At an early age, Bose showed an aptitude for learning and a thirst
for knowledge.

Surendra Nath who happened to be an accountant by profession encouraged
his son's mathematical skills. Each morning, he would leave arithmetic
problems scribbled on the veranda floor, and a young Bose would sit and
do his sums and proudly show his father when he returned.

When he was 13, Satyendra began attending the illustrious Hindu School
in Central Calcutta. Bose was quickly recognized as an outstanding pupil especially in mathematics and the sciences. He was fortunate to have had brilliant teachers and class fellows.

Like any other student, Satyendra was anxious before taking
matriculation exam but he still passed with flying colors standing fifth
in the order of merit. The year was 1909 and a fifteen-year-old Bose
decided to join Presidency College for an Intermediate Science Course.

Meanwhile in the west, Albert Einstein had become a much celebrated scientist thanks to the success of Special Relativity in 1905.




While at Presidency College, Satyendra came under the guidance of
teachers like Sir Jagadish Chandra Bose and Sir Prafulla Chandra Ray. A 17-year-old Bose thrived his intermediate examination, then chose
Applied Mathematics for Bachelor of Science Degree, graduating two years
later in 1913, at the top of his class.

Just one year later (1914), at age 20, newly graduate Satyendra was
married to Ushabati Ghosh, the eleven-year-old daughter of a prominent
Calcutta physician. This was before the passing of Child Marriage
Restraint Act which had fixed the age of marriage for girls at 18 years
and boys at 21 years.

The marriage had been arranged by Bose's mother, Amodini Rai Chaudhuri.
Bose would rather have married later but went along with his mother’s
wishes. He refused to accept dowry for his marriage in a time when it
was commonly practiced, and set about to teach the English language to
Usha afterwards.

Bose also continued his education by enrolling for Master's Degree in
Applied Mathematics at University of Calcutta. In 1915, at age 21 he not
only graduated at the top of his class but also created a record in the
history of the University by securing 92% marks!

During this time, World War I had begun in the west. Also, Albert
Einstein had successfully published his Theory of General Relativity.



Any modern scholar at this stage in their career would enroll for PhD
degree; this would be a straightforward process. But Bose was rather
interested in teaching. And so, from 1916 to 1921, he worked as a
lecturer in the Physics Department of the University of Calcutta.

During this time, Bose came across the newly published theory of general relativity. He was instantly fascinated by it, so much so that along
with colleague and friend, Meghnad Saha, Bose went on to translate
Einstein's scientific papers from German to English and published them
in a book.

As a polyglot, Bose was well versed in several languages such as
Bengali, English, French, German and Sanskrit.


In 1921, Albert Einstein was given the prestigious Nobel Prize for his
services to theoretical physics, and especially for his discovery of the
Law of the Photoelectric Effect, a pivotal step in the development of
quantum theory. Bose in Calcutta was overjoyed by the victory of his hero.


The Breakthrough

The same year (1921), Satyendra left his beloved Calcutta and took up a position at Dhaka University, in present-day Bangladesh, where he was
Reader (associate professor) for the Physics Department. In a letter
written to his friend Meghnad Saha, Bose described the situation at the University:

It has been well over a month since I moved to your part of the
country. Work has not yet started. Your Dacca College had quite a few
things but due to utter neglect they are in a bad way. We do suffer from
lack of journals here, but the authorities of the new University have
promised to place order for some of them along with their back numbers.
Talk is going on about having a separate science library.



Bose helped in setting up whole new departments at the University,
including laboratories, for teaching advanced courses to undergraduate
and postgraduate students of Physics and Chemistry. And as Reader, he
gave lectures on Thermodynamics and Classical Electromagnetism.

During one such lecture, Bose felt dissatisfied with the existing
derivations of Plank’s Radiation Law. After much thought and several discussions with Saha, Bose came up with a paper deriving the same
result without the use of classical physics as Planck himself had done.
This was a breakthrough!

Bose's derivation was rejected at first, because it was a radical idea
which couldn't be accepted just about by anyone. Bose was not
disheartened though as he sent the paper directly to Albert Einstein in Germany.

In a way, Bose helped revive Einstein's falling scientific career. This
was the mid-1920s and Einstein was deeply involved in opposing the
ongoing quantum revolution, despite him having pioneered it. Bose's
letter came like a breath of fresh air catching the attention of the
great scientist.

Einstein was quick to recognize the importance of the received letter.
He translated Bose's paper into German and had it published in
Zeitschrift für Physik, a popular peer-reviewed German scientific
journal of the time, under Bose's name, in 1924. Hence, Bose-Einstein statistics was born!

Einstein was greatly impressed that a certain young man from India
had reached out to him for the sake of scientific progress. Einstein
wrote to Bose: Your paper is an important step forward and I liked it
very much.


The more Einstein thought about Bose's paper, the more influenced he
became by its implications. The reason Bose's interpretation produced
accurate results was that since photons are indistinguishable from each
other, one cannot treat any two photons having equal energy as being two different photons.



Understanding this is pretty easy: consider the situation when you have
to toss two distinguishable and unbiased coins at the same time. Then
there may come one of the four possible outcomes as shown by the
following picture.

In this way, the probability of getting Two Heads is merely 1/4, which
is of course obvious. But suppose that the two coins become
indistinguishable from one another, that is, by looking at them you
cannot tell the difference.

Then, there will be three possible outcomes only: Two Heads or Two Tails
or One of Each. Now the chance of getting Two Heads is increased to 1/3.
This means that in the world of Bose statistics, the likelihood of
events happening is quite different from our everyday expectations.

Einstein had started to realize just how important this proposition was.
In fact, Bose himself had not been aware of the potential of his idea.
Einstein adopted Bose's idea and extended it to atoms. This led him to
predict the existence of phenomena which we now call Bose-Einstein
Condensate.

Bose-Einstein condensate is the fifth state of matter in which every
atom becomes indistinguishable from the others forming a giant super
atom. In a normal gas, atoms move randomly at very high speeds but in
the case of Bose-Einstein Condensate, the atoms stay together in a
perfect harmony.

In 1995, 70 years after its prediction, the Bose-Einstein
Condensate was first observed to exist. This was achieved by cooling a
gas of Bosons to very close to Absolute Zero, at which point the
microscopic quantum phenomena, particularly wavefunction interference,
become apparent macroscopically!


Bose's work had earned him an invitation to collaborate with the
greatest minds of the time in Europe. Bose applied for a two-year leave
from the Dhaka University to enable him to go to Europe. He was
permitted only after he showed Einstein’s appreciative postcard to the
Vice Chancellor of the University.

After arriving in Paris, Bose wrote to Einstein.

I have been granted leave by my University for two years. I have
arrived just a week ago in Paris. I do not know whether it will be
possible for me to work under you in Germany. I shall be glad, however,
if you will grant me the permission to work under you, for it will mean
for me the realization of a long-cherished dream.




Bose waited eagerly for the great scientist to respond. In the
meanwhile, he was fortunate to have helped the legendary Marie Curie in
her lab work where he made certain difficult measurements of the
Piezoelectric Effect. Bose also met Maurice de Broglie later, who
introduced him to X-ray diffraction and spectroscopy. And at last,
Einstein's reply came in.

Thank you sincerely for your letter. I am glad that I shall have
the opportunity soon of making your personal acquaintance.


Bose proceeded to Berlin. Even though he did not get the opportunity to
work with Einstein, his meeting with him was quite profitable. Einstein
wrote a letter of recommendation for Bose which enabled him to meet some
of the best German scientists including Fritz Haber, Lise Meitner and
Max Born.

Biography of Satyendra Nath Bose
In good company

After his stay in Europe, Bose returned to Dhaka in 1926. He was 32
years old. Bose did not have a doctorate and as a result, he would not
be qualified for the post of Professor he had applied for. But again, Einstein's letter of recommendation was much help. Bose was declared
Head of the Department of Physics at Dhaka University.

Whatever Bose had learned in Europe, he applied it in Dhaka. Bose
designed equipment himself for an X-ray crystallography laboratory. He
also set up laboratories and libraries to make the department a center
of research in Unified Field Theories. Bose continued to teach at the University until 1945.

When the partition of India became imminent, Bose returned to Calcutta.
He was depressed by the division of India and Pakistan and felt it to be
a wound in the heart of his beloved nation. Bose found it very difficult
to focus on the sciences in the middle of this social imbalance. Bose
decided to stay in Calcutta and taught there until retirement.


Bose’s path breaking work won him Einstein’s admiration and a permanent place in the history of theoretical physics. But few know about his
passionate patriotism or his talent as an Esraj player. He was a man who
tried to see the world around him in its entirety, in its complexity and
in which his particular science and himself were but small parts.

Biography of Satyendra Nath Bose

Bose devoted a lot of time to promoting Bengali as teaching language, translating scientific papers into it, and promoting the development of
the region. He strongly felt that it was duty to present science to the
common man in his own language. Being Bengali, Bose was devastated by
the division of Bengal just on the basis of religion in 1905.


Retirement

Bose was made Professor Emeritus on his retirement. He was 62 years old.
Then followed innumerous invitations to big events and parties but Bose
dearly missed the pleasure of finding things out, the never ending quest
for knowledge and the kick in the discovery.

He returned to the University of Calcutta to continue research in
nuclear physics, organic chemistry and unified field theories. This
seeking he enjoyed the most. It was during this time that physicist Paul
Dirac had come to visit Calcutta along with his wife.

They were sharing the same car with Bose. Bose let them have the
pleasantly warm back seat. The front seat, which Bose occupied along
with the driver, did not have much room, nevertheless, Bose asked two
more of his students to get in.

Dirac, a little surprised, asked if it wasn’t too crowded. Bose turned
around and said in his disarming fashion, "We believe in Bose-Einstein statistics."

Bose devoted a lot of time to promoting Bengali as teaching language, translating scientific papers into it, and promoting the development of
the region. He strongly felt that it was duty to present science to the
common man in his own language. Being Bengali, Bose was devastated by
the division of Bengal just on the basis of religion in 1905.


Retirement

Bose was made Professor Emeritus on his retirement. He was 62 years old.
Then followed innumerous invitations to big events and parties but Bose
dearly missed the pleasure of finding things out, the never ending quest
for knowledge and the kick in the discovery.

He returned to the University of Calcutta to continue research in
nuclear physics, organic chemistry and unified field theories. This
seeking he enjoyed the most. It was during this time that physicist Paul
Dirac had come to visit Calcutta along with his wife.

They were sharing the same car with Bose. Bose let them have the
pleasantly warm back seat. The front seat, which Bose occupied along
with the driver, did not have much room, nevertheless, Bose asked two
more of his students to get in.

Dirac, a little surprised, asked if it wasn’t too crowded. Bose turned
around and said in his disarming fashion, "We believe in Bose-Einstein statistics."

--- SoupGate-Win32 v1.05
* Origin: www.darkrealms.ca (1:229/2)